what is Tautology, what is contradiction, what is Contingency?
Define Tautology: -
A Tautology is a formula that is always TRUE for every value of its propositional variables.
Tautology Example: -
Hene, it’s Tautology
Define Contradiction:-
A contradiction is a formula which is always False for every value of its propositional variables.
Contradiction Example :-
prove (A^B)[(¬A) ^ (¬B)] is contradiction.
Hence, it’s contradiction.
Define Contingency: -
A contingency is a formula that has booth some true and false values for every value of irs propositional variables
Contingency Example:-
Hence, it’s contingency.
PROPOSITIONAL EQUIVALENCE: -
Two statements X or Y are logically equivalent if any of the following two conditions hold-
- The truth table of each statement has the same truth value.
- The biconditional statement X⇔Y is a tautology.
Example: -
Prove: — ¬(A^B) and [(¬A) ^(¬B)] are equivalents.
Testing by the first method (matching truth table):-
Hence, the statements are equivalent.
Testing by 2nd method (bi- conditionally)
Implication /if-then (→) is also called a conditional statement is has two parts
- Hypothesis (p)
- Conclusion (q)
And it is denoted by p→q
Example:- “if you do your homework, you will not be punished”.
Here, “you do your homework” is the hypothesis(p)
“and you will not be punished” is the conclusion (q)
Inverse:-
An inverse is a conditional statement is the negation of both the Hypothesis and the conclusion if the statement: “If P, then q” Inverse will be “if not then not Q” Thuse the Inverse of p→q is ¬ p→¬q.
Example: -
The Inverse of “If you do your homework, you will not be punished”; is “ if do not your homework you will be punished”.
Example of Inverse click here
Converse:-
The converse is the conditional statement is computed by interchanging the hypothesis and conclusion, if the statement “if P then q” the converse will be:if a than p” (p→q then q→p) mathematically represented as
Example:
The converse of” if you your homework \, you will not be punished” is “if you will not be punished, you do your homework”.
Contra- Positive: -
The contrapositive of the conditional is computed by interchanging the hypothesis and conclusion of the inverse statement, if the statement is “if p, then q contrapositive is “if not q , then not p” mathematically it represented by p→q is( ¬q→¬p)
Example:-
Duality Principle:-
Duality principle states that for any true statements, the dual statement, the dual statement obtained by interchanging unions into the intersection (and vice versa )and interchanging universal set into the null set (and vice versa0 If Dual of any statement is the statement itself, it is said the dual statement.
Example:-
Normal Form: -
We can convert any proposition into two normal forms
- Conjunctive Normal Form
- Disjunctive Normal Form
Conjunctive Normal Form: -
A compound statement is in conjunctive normal form if it is obtained by operating AND among variables (negation of variables included) connected with ORS. In terms of set operations, It is a compound statement by intersection among variables connected with unions.
Example:-
Disjunctive Normal Form (DNF): -
A compound statements is in disjunctive normal form if is obtained by operating OR among variables (Negation of Variables included) connected with ANDS in term of set operations, it is a compound statement by union among variables connected with intersection.